Response to Matthew Rozsa's Salon Article, "Pluto Wasn't the First"

I sent the message below to several editors at Salon.com regarding an article by Matthew Rosza, published on April 17, 2022, titled, "Pluto Wasn't the First: A Brief History of the Solar System's Forgotten Planets" because the majority of this article is very one-sided in terms of the planet definition debate and therefore calls for a response.

I am writing to request you publish an article of mine responding to Matthew Rosza's April 16,2022, Explainer article, "Pluto Wasn't the First: A Brief History of the Solar System's Forgotten Planets." Although at its end, this article acknowledges that some scientists reject the controversial IAU demotion of Pluto, it is mostly very one-sided in its depiction of the planet debate and Pluto controversy, and unfortunately, there is no comments section on the site for people to respond.

Rosza neglects several important points, beginning with the fact that just four percent of the IAU voted to demote Pluto, and most were not planetary scientists but other types of astronomers. Their decision was immediately opposed in a formal petition by an equal number of professional planetary scientists, yet the mainstream media never reported this fact.

Kindergartners in 2006 did not necessarily .learn a different number of solar system planets than those in 2005 did because many educators also opposed the controversial demotion of Pluto and continued to include Pluto when teaching the solar system.

The analogy to Ceres, made for the last 15 years, is also flawed. According to the geophysical planet definition, which most planetary scientists prefer, Ceres IS a planet because it is rounded by its own gravity, a state known as hydrostatic equilibrium. However, this was not known in the 19th century when it was demoted, because telescopes of the time could not resolve Ceres into a disk. Now they can, which is why it is clear the 19th century demotion was  in error. Vesta and Pallas are also not really asteroids; they are considered protoplanets because they appear to have once been spherical only to have had a portion lobbed off in an impact. This makes them very different from true asteroids, which are tiny, shapeless, and held together only by their own chemical bonds.

Additionally, Pluto may have a frozen surface, but data and images from the 2015 New Horizons flyby strongly suggest it has a subsurface liquid ocean (which Ceres may also have) and an internal heat source. This means both Pluto and Ceres are more akin to icy moons like Europa and Enceladus and could potentially support microbial life. While Pluto is often described as an ice world, it is actually 70 percent rock and likely geologically differentiated into core, mantle, and crust just like Earth is.

Saying astronomers once thought Pluto and Ceres should be planets but then "changed their minds" and that Pluto "lost its planet status" because "astronomers had decided there were three criteria for being considered a planet" is an incorrect over-generalization because these decisions were made by only a small number of professionals and largely by those in fields of astronomy other than planetary science. There was NEVER a consensus among planetary scientists on this. Furthermore, saying Pluto "lost its planet status" because of a vote inherently assumes science is done by decree of "authority," a very unscientific statement that essentially went out with Galileo.

Furthermore, the four percent of the IAU who voted on the 2006 resolution misused the term dwarf planet, which was coined by New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern in 1991. He coined this term to designate a new subclass of planets, not to designate a class of non-planets. In astronomy, dwarf stars are a subclass of stars, and dwarf galaxies are a subclass of galaxies. Claiming that dwarf planets are not planets at all makes no sense and runs counter to the findings of the Dawn and New Horizons missions, which found both Ceres and Pluto to have planetary processes similar to those of the terrestrial worlds.

As a science writer and blogger who has run a blog opposing the IAU decision for over 15 years and has written and spoken extensively on this topic, I respectfully request you allow me or someone else (ideally a planetary science) to write a response to this article clarifying these points and explaining that this issue has been and remains a subject of ongoing debate.

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Discovery Anniversary: People still care very much about Pluto

Ninety-two years ago today, on February 18, 1930, Clyde Tombaugh discovered the planet Pluto while blinking photographic plates of the night sky taken several nights apart at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. In the decades since then, Pluto’s discovery has become more appreciated and more celebrated than he could have imagined on that day.

Once again, the Lowell Observatory is celebrating the anniversary with a multi-day “I Heart Pluto” festival. This year’s is a hybrid event, with many online presentations as well as an in-person evening of entertainment and activities tonight at the Orpheum Theater and a historic walk tracing the steps Clyde Tombaugh took on that day following his discovery. Tombaugh actually spent that evening at the very same Orpheum Theater.

A source at the observatory informed me that tonight’s presentation will be recorded and placed online in the near future.

While more people than ever are coming to appreciate and celebrate this small, unique planet, something interesting is happening. Supporters of the IAU planet definition and of Pluto’s demotion constantly argue that few people care about Pluto’s planet status, that only a few “holdouts” refuse to accept the demotion.

Yet every time Pluto is in the news, this claim is proven to be blatantly false.

This week, Edward Gleason of the Southworth Planetarium in Portland, Maine, who supports Pluto’s planet status, addressed the debate over Pluto’s planet status in an email message sent to friends of the planetarium. The next day, he followed up with a post stating that he received multiple responses on this issue, “all of which were in equal measure thoughtful and passionate.”

He even quoted my response to his question, "The IAU General Assembly is convening its next meeting this August in Korea. Will Pluto's planetary status be then reinstated?" in which I noted that we don’t need the IAU for Pluto to be considered a planet.

I wrote: “Statements like this assume that only the IAU has the right to bestow planet status on an object. This is essentially an appeal to authority. The IAU planet definition should not in any way be privileged above other definitions currently in use, such as the geophysical definition. I have long suggested planetary scientists form their own organization and adopt their own definition of planet. We do not need the IAU to issue a decree or stamp of approval for Pluto to be considered a planet. Unfortunately, the media has portrayed the IAU decision as fact rather than as what it really is--one side in an ongoing debate.”

And he agreed, stating: “Indeed! That line does presuppose that the IAU stands as the final authority on all such matters.   We know that most planetary scientists have ignored the IAU's designation, a fact little mentioned by most media sources.  I stand cheerfully corrected.”

Gleason’s experience receiving so much feedback regarding Pluto is not unique. Planetary scientists and amateur astronomers who do public presentations and/or write articles on this subject are regularly asked about Pluto and its planet status. Fascination with this tiny, active world, and healthy skepticism about the IAU decision has only grown stronger over the last 15-and-a-half years.

When someone, whether a scientist, a writer, an amateur astronomer, or a member of the public claims that no one cares about Pluto’s status, what they are really saying is that they think no one should care. It usually means they support the IAU planet definition and its claim that dwarf planets are not planets and want to have the last word on the issue.

And their related statement, that Pluto doesn’t care what we call it, is irrelevant. The issue isn’t whether Pluto cares, but why we should care. As Philip Metzger notes, taxonomy is how we make sense of the world. It is integral to science. The IAU’s taxonomy is flawed because it lumps two very different types of objects—asteroids and comets on the one hand, and dwarf planets on the other—into the same category of non-planets.

Too often, one will read articles online that claim our solar system has just two types of planets—terrestrials and jovians—and/or cite the names of the four terrestrials and the four jovians, then add in the asteroid belt and Kuiper Belt to describe the solar system.

But objects like Ceres and Pluto are far more than just small objects in belts, and they differ significantly from the majority of the tiny objects in those belts. Describing the solar system as having just rocky planets, gaseous planets, the asteroid belt, and the Kuiper Belt erases the existence of these small planets, which have more in common with rocky worlds like Earth and Mars than they do with KBOs like Arrokoth.

In a presentation on the glass plates which were used in Pluto’s discovery, one of Lowell Observatory’s speakers who knew Clyde Tombaugh reported that Tombaugh said he immediately recognized the tiny dot whose position moved against the background stars from one plate to another via the blink comparator. That tiny dot is part of a huge star field, and most people aren’t likely to find it even after hours of blinking the two plates.

Pluto was discovered in a unique way, by a very unique, intelligent, and skilled individual. The people of the world deserve to know about this amazing, very much alive little planet. Typically, the more they learn, the more their fascination grows.

In spite of the IAU’s decade-and-a-half false narrative, the people have spoken. And they continue to overwhelmingly recognize Pluto—and all dwarf planets--as a planet.

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